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Lolium temulentum
''Lolium temulentum'', typically known as darnel, poison darnel, darnel ryegrass or cockle, is an annual plant that forms part of the Poaceae family and part of the ''Lolium'' genus. The plant stem can grow up to one meter tall, with inflorescence in the ears and purple grain. It has a global distribution.
==Growth==
Darnel usually grows in the same production zones as wheat and is considered a weed. The similarity between these two plants is so great that in some regions, darnel is referred to as "false wheat".〔Craig S. Keener, ''The Gospel of Matthew: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary,'' Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2009 p.387〕 It bears a close resemblance to wheat until the ear appears. The spikes of ''L. temulentum'' are more slender than those of wheat. The spikelets are oriented edgeways to the rachis and have only a single glume, while those of wheat are oriented with the flat side to the rachis and have two glumes. The wheat will also appear brown when ripe, whereas the darnel is black.〔Heinrich W.Guggenheimer, ''The Jerusalem Talmud,''Vol. 1, Part 3, Walter de Gruyter, 2000 p.5〕
Darnel can be infected by an endophytic fungus of the genus ''Neotyphodium'', and the endophyte-produced, insecticidal loline alkaloids were first isolated from this plant.
The French word for darnel is ''ivraie'' (from Latin ''ebriacus'', intoxicated), which expresses the drunken nausea from eating the infected plant, which can be fatal. The French name echoes the scientific name, Latin ''temulentus'' "drunk."
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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